1 Dynamics (how loud)
| Symbol | Word | Means |
|---|
| pp | Pianissimo | Very soft |
|---|
| p | Piano | Soft |
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| mp | Mezzo piano | Medium soft |
|---|
| mf | Mezzo forte | Medium loud |
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| f | Forte | Loud |
|---|
| ff | Fortissimo | Very loud |
|---|
| < | Crescendo | Gradually louder |
|---|
| > | Decrescendo | Gradually softer |
|---|
Tempo (how fast)
| Word | Means | About |
|---|
| Largo | Very slow | 40โ60 BPM |
|---|
| Adagio | Slow | 66โ76 BPM |
|---|
| Andante | Walking speed | 76โ108 BPM |
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| Moderato | Medium | 108โ120 BPM |
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| Allegro | Fast, lively | 120โ156 BPM |
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| Presto | Very fast | 168+ BPM |
|---|
Repeats and the road map
| Mark | Means |
|---|
| Repeat signs (๐ ๐) | Play the section between them again |
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| 1st and 2nd endings | Play the first ending the first time, the second ending the second time |
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| D.C. | Da Capo: go back to the start |
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| D.S. | Dal Segno: go back to the sign |
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| Fine | The end |
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| Fermata (๐) | Hold the note longer |
|---|